Why Prostitution Should Be Legalized - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1127 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Prostitution Essay Did you like this example? When one hears about prostitution they usually turn away in disgust or try to laugh off the subject since it is considered taboo to even talk about. To try and argue the point of legalizing prostitution seems like it would be difficult, but there is plenty of evidence in support of it. Some of the resources that are mentioned give insight on why prostitution should be decriminalized and made legal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Prostitution Should Be Legalized" essay for you Create order Some of the points made mention different elements that go into the sex-industry. Prostitution should be legalized because it is a personal choice, it is no different than the other sex industries out today, and it affects the economy in a positive way. To understand this topic fully, it is important to examine both points of view, as they each address very different issues regarding the topic. To understand why prostitution should be legalized one must learn about prostitution and its background. Prostitution first began in America in 1699 and it wasnt until 1917, in Massachusetts, that a prostitute could be punished. Up until then, it was legal and it was a job for women and some men, to gain money. Although it was still a taboo subject, it took over one hundred years for it to be against the law. Prostitution is labeled under sex work, as part of the sex industry, which means it is one of the rare jobs, in its position, which is illegal. In Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business, Ronald John Weitzer explains what sex work is and what falls into the category. Sex work involves the exchange of sexual services for material compensation as well as the selling of erotic performances or products (3). Which means that a stripper is part of the sex industry. Not only that but many other jobs also fall under the category. These include: acts of direct physi cal contact between buyers and sellers (prostitution, lap dancing) as well as indirect sexual stimulation (pornography, stripping, telephone sex, live sex shows, erotic webcam performances) (3).Prostitution has been around for a very long time and is becoming legal all around the world. Even parts of Nevada have made brothels legal. It is only the beginning. Prostitution laws are starting to change, and not just in the United States, but around the world. With knowing a little bit of the history of prostitution and when it began, we can now talk about the reasons on why it should be legalized. Prostitution is one of those prime examples where one could point out that it is a personal choice. Personal decisions are made in everyones daily lives, so why is this any different? Prostitution is actually a common topic around the world and is a real job. If it is considered an actual job in other countries, then ours should be no different. As a country that is based on freedom, we sure do make some things illegal based on religion and opinions. Most things that were made illegal or being fought to stay illegal were made so based on the fact that they were morally wrong or that God said it was wrong. There are many people that are affected by sexual intercourse and how it is received. Even the english military was affected by prostitution. Some men in the military have even participated in this disgraceful act because, according to this information, that option was offered and given to the soldiers so they could relieve themselves. This being said, when participating in a sexual act it is a personal matter. It is a choice to be a part of a sexual act. However, this is a moment where it all boils down to personal decisions and choices. Considering pornography and other sexwork is legal, why cant prostitution be? Another factor to think about is the other sex industries that are available in todays society. As mentioned before in the paragraph about how prostitution began and what it is, author Ronald John Weitzer mentions the other jobs in the sex industry. He mentions pornography, strippers and more. -direct physical contact between buyers and sellers (prostitution, lap dancing) as well as indirect sexual stimulation (pornography, stripping, telephone sex, live sex shows, erotic webcam performances) (3). If direct contact is allowed, such as people who work in the porn industry and a strip club, then why cant prostitution be legal? A third reason is how the sex industry affects the economy. Author of Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business, Weitzer mentions the money that was gained in these industries. In 2006 alone, Americans spent $13.3 billion on X-rated magazines, videos and DVDs, live sex shows, strip clubs, adult cable television films, computer pornography, and commercial telephone sex (3). The text also states: The General Social Survey reports figures on the number of men who that they had ever paid for sexbetween 15-18 percent in ten polls from 1991 to 2008 (4). For those who had admitted to have paid for sex,(3-4 percent saying that they had done so in the past year), show that it is something that happens in todays society. Besides sexually transmitted infections (STIs), or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and other diseases being spread, there is nothing else that causes a real problem in prostitution. Although there has been mention of violence, that can also happen in actual sexual active relationships. Prostitution can bring in an abundant amount of money for the economy. Considering pornography and strip clubs do, this would be another door opener people who need jobs. In conclusion, prostitution should be made legal. With the main factors bringing up choice, other legal sex industries, and the economy. Prostitution has been a part of American society since 1699 and 1910 when the White Slave Traffic Act, or otherwise known as the Mann Act, was created. With the fact that pornography and strip clubs are legal, shouldnt prostitution be as well? All three fall under the category of direct contact for sex work. Legalizing prostitution could also bring in an abundant amount of money for the economy and offer job opportunities for people in need. However, we can not just legalize prostitution because some want it to be. It needs to be fought for and have people answering the question, Why should it be legalized?. There is plenty of evidence on the pro side of legalizing and decriminalizing prostitution, which is why it is easy to argue for. Sex is a personal decision, whether if it is with a random stranger, a partner, or for money. At the end of the day it is a personal matter and is up to the humans who have decided on it. So I ask the question, should prostitution be legalized? With all the evidence pointing to, Yes, it should be, it is up for you to decide.

Human Resources Management Essay - 1308 Words

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the calculated and reasoned method of managing for an organization’s most valued assets. They are responsible for the people working and ensuring the achievement of the role for the organization’s goals and objectives. What is Human Resource Management (HRM)? HRM is always a leadership, financial, and management issue. Employee costs usually consume 70 to 80 percent of the budget of most organizations. By managing human resources effectively and efficiently, you will know that your workers are satisfied and motivated, willing to perform their duties to the best of their abilities. Effective human resource management should help employees find meaningful work and try to provide them with career†¦show more content†¦It takes strategic moves to properly employee a successful business. Proper planning of staff levels requires an evaluation of both present and future needs of the organization. These can be compared to the present and future resources and predicted resources. Balancing these is key to successful management. A satellite vision plan for 1,3, and 10 years in advanced can be assessed of the employees at hand and their circumstances and individual situations whether it be retirement, part time employees, skill levels, potential, character, etc. In the assessment plan amendments can be adjusted for normal turnover rates, promotion or demotions. Predicting what will be needed for the future and comparing with the current supplies and demands creates a more organized plan for the Human Resource Manager to calculate the productivity for the whole. In recruiting new employees, factors of the required job need to be determined for the most competent person to be selected. Both mental and physical characteristics should be assessed before choosing any given applicant. In recruiting an employee the HRM must consider wage or salary, existing reputations and experience. The sources for recruitment vary some HRM prefer internal promotions, some also rely on agencies for the unemployed. Advertising on local media has vastly become one of the easiest forms of recruitment. Once applicants have been recruited the forms of applying can include letters of applications,Show MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management2534 Words   |  11 PagesIn most cases managers look at human resource management as an expense to a company rather than a source of benefit to the company however, research has proved that human resource management practices can be of greater value. Valuable decisions such as whom to recruit, what package to offer, the training necessary for the new recruits and how to assess employee performance directly affects the employee motivation and as such do affect the ability of the employee to provide products which the consumersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management95 8 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview As we all know when it comes to every business and organization that is out there, they all need help from Human Resources to continue to help the company grow. What is human resource management? Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

Love and Relationships Updates Free Essays

Communication is the key to maintaining a healthy relationship. Taking serves to nurture your relationship and prevents problems or issues from festering. † Working things out is part of every relationship and everyone will do it differently. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Relationships Updates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many would have never been that serious when it comes to knowing more about how relationships work and how will it ever go well. Here’s how to deal with conflicts and how to manage your relationships. Learn to manage your time. If you really love the person you are in a relationship with, you should never forget that time is very much important when it comes to relationships. Remember that some people feel important when they are given time. To spend time on something thoroughly and effectively, takes time. And while this sounds redundant, it is a fundamental truth: to take time, takes time. Therefore, knowing how to use time effectively is essential. Use healthy communication to resolve conflicts. Try to see things from each other’s point of view. Negotiate in times of disagreements; understand that you cannot win at all times. Listen without judging. Stick to issues and do not attack the person, his beliefs or even his culture. Accept each other’s uniqueness. Realize that your differences enrich your relationship. Don’t sweat the small stuffs out. â€Å"Accept my supposed quirkiness as a woman and I’ll be accepting yours as a man. † as others would usually put in. From the start, build a foundation based on respect and apprec- iation of each other’s characteristics. Explore each other’s differences and interests and build them to make your relationship as a couple stronger. Don’t drag about the past. You see, PAST is PAST. You should never go back to it anymore because it is done. All you have to do is just to learn from it and prevent your mistakes and continue doing what is simply right. Take time to reflect on your own history as a third party looking in without judgment: simply observe. Understand that you are not your past. Understand that the situations and patterns and people in your life created your experiences, they didn’t create you. Knowing and understanding your past and some of your patterns will help you to recognize why you hold on and repeat self-destructive behaviors. Understanding creates awareness; awareness helps you break the cycle. Build your trust. Trust is the treasure of our daily lives. However, we do not understand its value. It is generally seen that trust in our daily lives is disappearing fast. Why have we become so suspicious that we can never enter into meaningful relationships with each other? Why can we not behave as normal human beings? After all when we were born as human beings the first lesson we learnt was that we should trust each other. However, as our lives progressed slowly, trust began to diminish. Our childhood innocence gave way to calculations in which there was no place for trust. Trust in each other gives strength and vitality to our relationships. It gives us inner happiness, which is priceless. It brings joy all around and life appears brighter and brighter . Its fragrance spreads far and wide. When you trust each other you feel self-confident. Trusting each other gives us a sense of deep bonding. It signifies that we are united to fight the battles ahead. It is indeed the communication in which relationships rely into. Without proper understanding and communication, a relationship can either deteriorate or be simply gone in a blink. The reason why most relationships couldn’t gone farther and longer is because they cannot talk about their problems, and egoistic people always are egoistic. Nobody wants to go under the other. Love is never about one but is about two or more hearts bind together as ONE. Love thinks less of oneself and it always gives and protects the other. Whenever we think that we are going wrong in love, we should never forget of the definition or should we say real definition of love in the Bible, it’s I Corinthians 13. How to cite Love and Relationships Updates, Papers

A woman killed with kindness monologue Essay Example For Students

A woman killed with kindness monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Thomas Heywood NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from A Woman Killed With Kindness. Ed. A. W. Ward. London: Dent, 1897. WENDOLL: I am a villain, if I apprehendBut such a thought! Then, to attempt the deedSlave, thou art damned without redemption!Ill drive away this passion with a song.A song! Ha, ha! A song! As if, fond man,Thy eyes could swim in laughter when thy soulLies drenched and drowned in red tears of blood!Ill pray, and see if God within my heartPlant better thoughts. Why, prayers are meditations,And when I meditate (O, God forgive me!)It is on her divine perfections.I will forget her; I will arm myselfNot t entertain a thought of love to her;And, when I come by chance into her presence,Ill hale these balls until my eyestrings crackFrom being pulled and drawn to look that way.O God, O God! With what a violenceIm hurried to my own destruction!There goest thou, the most perfectst manThat ever England bred a gentleman,And shall I wrong his bed?Thou God of Thunder,Stay, in thy thoughts of vengeance and of wrath,Thy great, almighty, and all-judging handFrom speedy execution on a villain,A villain and a traitor to his friend!

Phillis Wheatley Essays - American Slaves, , Term Papers

Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley, one of America's most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America's most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley's literary contributions are vast in nature and distinguish her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the molding of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds. Phillis Wheatley was born on the West coast of Africa. Her exact birthplace is unknown; however it is assumed that she was born near Senegambia, a territory that today is divided between the nation of Senegal and Gambia. Wheatley's birthplace is assumed to be near Senegambia because it was in this territory that Wheatley and others were introduced into the vile conditions of slavery. Kidnapped by slave agents at the age of seven, young Phillis had to endure the struggle to America alone. "Frail young Phillis probably survived the grim voyage to America only because she was in a loose pack. If she had been part of a tight pack she might not have survived" (Franklin, 223) Phillis Wheatley arrived in Boston Massachusetts in 1761 at the age of eight. It was undoubtedly here where she was first exposed to the harsh conditions of the South. On the "stalls and auction blocks at the slave market", a wealthy Caucasian woman, named Susannah Wheatley purchased Phillis as "her personal servant and companion" (Loggins,98). Phillis Wheatley acquired her last name from Susannah Wheatley--it was the norm during this time period for slave owners to give their slaves their last names. She was named Phillis ironically"after the ship that brought her to slavery" (Loggias, 101). As a child, Phillis Wheatley was blessed with the gift to recite poetry. Wheatley quickly mastered the English language as well as Latin, and soon began to write verses. During this time, is was uncommon for slaves to be as literate and proficient in the English language or any other language, as Phillis Wheatley was. Wheatley not only knew how to comprehend the language, she also knew how to write the language. This accomplishment made it evident that slaves were equally as intelligent if not more than their slave owners and perfectly capable of understanding any concept. Within sixteen months of her arrival, she was reading astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. Wheatley was able to break a language barrier that had held so many others of her race back. Her desire for learning increased and the quest for knowledge became embedded in her spirit, mind, and soul. By her teenage years, Wheatley was a well known author, reciting poems for the New England elite in homes where blacks could not even sit at the table with whites. Phillis Wheatley made many contributions to American literature. Other than successfully representing and expressing the feelings of anger, frustration, and impatience of African American people abroad, she has paved the way for young aspiring African American writers. In 1771, Wheatley composed her first major work, "On an elegy to evangelist George Whitefield." After realizing Wheatley's potential for excellence, Susannah Wheatley arranged a London publication of Wheatley's poems. As a result of this, prominent Bostonians verified the book's author as being Black. Britons praised the book, but criticized Americans for keeping its author enslaved. At this time, Americans were only interested in benefiting White America, and were not prepared for the fact that Britons would criticize their slave policy. In 1774, she wrote a letter repudiating slavery, which was reprinted and distributed throughout New England. The fact that she was able to publicly denounce slavery is evidence of influential voice as an African American during this time. In 1775, Wheatley wrote "Reply" which was the first recorded celebration of African American Heritage by an African American. Wheatley's popularity among the elite of Massachusetts grew rapidly. As the first African American to compose a book of imaginative writing, Wheatley is the originator of the African American literary tradition and also of the African American women's tradition. Wheatley combined the influences of religion and neo-classicism in her poems. She articulated the theme of freedom in many of her works. For instance, Phillis Wheatley made political comments supporting American freedom from Britain. Her numerous elegies suggest a conscious poetic escape from slavery. She celebrates death and the rewards and

Introduction to Elasticity in Economics

Introduction to Elasticity in Economics When introducing the concepts of supply and demand, economists often make qualitative statements about how consumers and producers behave. For example, the law of demand states that as the price of a good or service increases, the demand for that good or service decreases. The law of supply states that the quantity of a good produced tends to increase as the market price of that good increases. While these laws are useful, they dont capture everything that economists would like to include in the supply and demand model; as a result, economists have developed quantitative measurements such as elasticity to provide more detail about market behavior. Elasticity, in short, refers to the relative tendency of certain economic variables to change in response to other variables. In economics, it is important to understand how responsive quantities such as demand and supply are to things like price, income, the prices of related goods, and so on. For example, when the price of gasoline increases by one percent, does the demand for gasoline go down by a little or a lot? Answering these sorts of questions is extremely important to economic and policy decision making, so economists have developed the concept of elasticity to measure the responsiveness of economic quantities. Types of Elasticity Elasticity can take a number of different forms, depending on what cause and effect relationship economists are trying to measure. Price elasticity of demand, for example, measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. Price elasticity of supply, in contrast, measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in price. Income elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of demand to changes in income, and so on. How to Calculate Elasticity Measures of elasticity all follow the same basic principles, no matter which variables are being measured. In the discussion that follows, well use price elasticity of demand as a representative example. Price elasticity of demand is calculated as the ratio of the relative change in quantity demanded to the relative change in price. Mathematically, the price elasticity of demand is just the percent change in quantity demanded divided by the percent change in price: Price elasticity of demand Percent change in demand / Percent change in price In this way, the price elasticity of demand answers the question What would be the percent change in quantity demanded in response to a one percent increase in price? Notice that, because price and quantity demanded to tend to move in opposite directions, the price elasticity of demand usually ends up being a negative number. To make things simpler, economists will often represent price elasticity of demand as an absolute value. (In other words, the price elasticity of demand could just be represented by the positive part of the elasticity number, eg. 3 rather than -3.) Conceptually, you can think of elasticity as an economic analog to the literal concept of elasticity. In this analogy, the change in price is the force applied to a rubber band, and the change in quantity demanded is how much the rubber band stretches. If the rubber band is very elastic, the rubber band will stretch a lot. If its very inelastic, it wont stretch very much, and the same can be said for elastic and inelastic demand. In other words, if demand is elastic, it means a change in price will result in a proportional change in demand. If demand is inelastic, it means a change in price will not result in a change in demand. You may notice that the equation above seems similar, but not identical to, the slope of the mand curve (which also represents price versus quantity demanded). Because the demand curve is drawn with the price on the vertical axis and quantity demanded on the horizontal axis, the slope of the demand curve represents the change in price divided by the change in quantity rather than the change in quantity divided by the change in price. In addition, the slope of the demand curve shows absolute changes in price and quantity whereas price elasticity of demand uses relative (i.e. percent) changes in price and quantity. There are two advantages to calculating elasticity using relative changes. First, percent changes dont have units attached to them, so it doesnt matter what currency is used for the price when calculating elasticity. This means that elasticity comparisons are easy to make across different countries. Second, a one-dollar change in the price of an airplane ticket versus the pr ice of a book, for example, are likely not viewed as the same magnitude of change. Percentage changes are more comparable across different goods and services in many cases, so using percent changes to calculate elasticity makes it easier to compare the elasticities of different items.

Managing Change (reflecting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Change (reflecting) - Essay Example Relational constructionist takes into account and theorizes the processes of social construction (Hosking & Bouwen 2000). And, the relational constructionist assumes a relational ontology described as all social realities, all knowledge of other people and objects and of self are considered to be inter-dependent or co-dependent constructions existing and can be known only in relations. And Hosking & Bouwen (2000) contend that within the context of this view, knowledge does not exist separately as a thing or product that can be stored, transferred, traded and learned. This feature of relational constructionist is significant and at the same time is different from the more usual treatment of the learners and what is provided or existed to be learned about self or other things as independent or separate bounded entities. A relational constructionist perspective provides a numerous possibilities for interests in a processes of learning, social interactions and relations as well. For a beginning, theorising relational processes instead of focusing on organizations, persons, and relations, avoids the problem of how to bridge group, individual and organizational levels of learning (Hosking & Morely 1994). Furthermore, in relational constructionist, relating does not remain an individual act and is no longer diminished to one-way casual relations with the provision of feedback. For example, an organization employees two individuals, one is highly punctual and other is less punctual. The performance appraisal of both employees highlights some attractive points. For example, the punctual employee has been largely successful in fulfilling their expected targets and job assignment. On the other hand, the less punctual person has been considerably unable to meet the job targets and assignment. This example provides an opportunity for the organization to learn about the significance of punctuality and making a strict policy for punctuality would enable the organization to achieve its organizational, operational and strategic objective as well. Critique examples of managing change The cycle of

The Progress of Developed Nations in Utilising Renewable Sources to Coursework

The Progress of Developed Nations in Utilising Renewable Sources to Reduce Reliance Upon Traditional Fossil Fuels - Coursework Example Many nations are rushing to search for a most developed  state  and, as such, increasing their  industrial  and  domestic  energy use. Domestically, energy use is in lighting and cooking  while industrially, it is for development, manufacturing, and transportation of products (Flavin and Hull, 2011: p.15). The source of this form of energy is  mostly  fossil fuels such as mined coal of which has a significant impact on the environments  productivity  and sustainability. Depletion of these various fossil energy sources is leading to increased exploitations, thus further degrading the environment. An increase in this  phenomenon  is causing considerable distress to the environment and ecosystems which  substantially  impacts back on the  people’s populations (Grover, 1985: p.101). The realization of this is causing most nations to  embrace  renewable energy use in their daily activities. This involves the  invention  of renewable energy us ing gadgets, and modification of the existing gadgets to incorporate renewable energy sources. ... This means that as these energy sources get utilized for various purposes, they replenish their sources almost immediately (Lettice, 2001: p.45). This gives them an advantage because they are readily available for utilization, and also because they do not  damage  the  environment  in terms of degradation. These renewable energy sources include sources such as wind, sun, water, geothermal, and biomass such as energy crops. Historically, the use of  energy  was not dependent on the development of technologies but through the available choices within the environment. This was way before civilization and urbanization. As time went on, people devised new methods through which to  advance  their way of life hence the development of technologies to  process  other energy sources. In the 1940s, it  was discovered  the use of fossil fuels. This continued on advancing through industrialization to urbanization to the current state. The advent of use of renewable energy source was first in Japan; a developed nation,  though,  in those years, it was still developing. It then spread to other developed nations as time advanced. Currently there has been considerable debate on the responsibilities for the  state  of environmental degradation experienced and its  effect  on the welfare of people. Blame  is thrown  among the developed and developing nations.  A serious consideration for the utilization of renewable energy sources started during a  time when  the developed nations realized they play a  particularly  influential  role in the  global  environmental  state.  As such around the 1990s they became  serious  with countries such as the United States and Japan. The choice for the use of renewable energy sources significantly influenced by their availability

The market segmentation strategy for the manufacturer of the washing Essay

The market segmentation strategy for the manufacturer of the washing machine - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of target marketing as â€Å"breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing efforts on one or a few key segments†. Thus target marketing involves splitting the market into manageable segments. The choice as to which market segment is to be focused on depends on the manufacturer’s requirements. Many writers have suggested a variety of approaches to understanding the target market process. When making an effort to identify the characteristics of the target market demographics such as age, age group, gender, marital status, the location of the business, incomes of consumers and their preferences matters. Next psychographics such as cultural values, mores, lifestyles, tendencies, propensities, choices and personal concerns matters. In the same way the kind of industry and typical market structure matter. In this instance, the industry is the white goods manufacturing industry and the market structure is oli gopolistic in nature. The latter means there are only a few sellers or rather brand names. Other specifics include what kinds of regulations are applied to the industry by authorities. For instance, consumer electronics and electrical goods industry is subject to EU regulations that seek to ensure minimum safety standards. The incorporation of these safety measures would require a lot of research work and costs. Thus the target market would be approached with a greater degree of conviction and certainty.

Marketing Sustainable Operation and Development

Marketing Sustainable Operation and Development Zhang Xia Field of Research This research will be carried out in the field of marketing, economic, and theme restaurant. Topic of Research The topic of this proposed dissertation is titled: The Marketing Sustainable Operation and development of Theme Restaurant in China Brief Literature Review of the Topic Along with the increasing requirements of customers on dining experiences, theme restaurants have become a trend in F B service industry. Numerous entrepreneurs and investors are attracted by this new concept and want to adventure in this business. It seems that a theme restaurant business will have a bright future. However, with only a short term of popularity at the initial stage, most of them had to close down. Only a few of the theme restaurant manage to sustain in the market, developed their own customer groups and grow rapidly. Based on the previous studies, this thesis attempts to carve out a way of stable operation and sustainable development for theme restaurants from the perspectives of marketing strategic, customer value and corporate life cycle through comparison, illustration and analysis. (Ai, D, S, 1997) With rapid economic growth and high standard of living, food and beverage industry has develop tremendously. Some of the consumers expect to the environment and ambient when they consume the products. Current consumers are interested not only in buying products but also to have feeling enjoyment and fulfilling experiences while dining out. Customers prefer to have a unique and distinctive experience under a certain atmosphere that is different from common restaurant. When experience economy encounter restaurant, theme restaurant is born. However, theme restaurant sustainable development not really optimistic in the marketing. F B industry has been developing for so long but certain restaurant facing big challenge to capture the consumers and to sustain in the market. Compared with others, homogeneity is very serious in dining business. Theme restaurant makes customer active participator instead of passive recipient comes with the tide of fashion. Theme restaurant can be simply defined as a dining place marked with one (usually) or more themes based on which all the structure, decoration, design, product, service etc. are created to produce a particular cultural atmosphere that can be recognized and felt by customers. There are three main idea from researchers of theme restaurants in China. First, the main ideal, this view consider theme as a carrier of operation which is mainly used to attract customers. However the food is still the main concern in the restaurant. Second, the core ideal, the function of theme is created by the need and want of the consumers. They affirm the primary status of theme based on which all the other elements in restaurant will be defined, such as dish, menu, space design, decoration, color, music, service, marketing strategy and so on. Third is the experience that the customers will feel while dining in the restaurant which the ambiance is different from other restaurant. Emphasizes the unique and memorable emotional experience and psychological experience customers can get from different theme environments, service and cooked food. Researchers turn their sights from suppliers to receivers, from restaurateurs to consumers. (Fu, Y, 2012) Theme restaurants are established on niche market. Each theme restaurant is its own given theme, a specific culture, and a unique style, exclusiveness is more or less inevitable. In addition, the average expenditure is relatively high. As a consequence, the customer source of theme restaurant is much more limited than traditional ones. For example, enthusiasm and curiosity of music lovers are easily sparked by Hard Rock Cafe, but when facing a restaurant with football or sea world theme, they may show more calmness and rationality. What they can obtain is not only delicious food and considerate service, but also a taste of exclusiveness and privilege, a perception of emotional and psychology identification. In 1970, Alvin Toffler came up with experience economy in his book Future Shock. From his view, after product economy and service economy, human being will enter an Experience Economy Era. Then Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H confirmed this prediction and further developed Alvin’s idea by publishing their work Experience Economy in 1999. They described an experience occurs when a company intentionally uses services as the stage, and goods as props, to engage individual customers in a way that creates a memorable event. Commodities are fungible, goods tangible, services intangible, and experiences memorable. In answer to consumers’ desire for experience, more and more businesses engage on considering how to design experiences and promote them. The famous Disney Park should be one of the most typical and successful cases of experience economy. Experience is identified as the fourth economic offering that is distinct from service as service is from goods. Like goods and services, experiences have their own distinct qualities and characteristics and present their own design challenges. Five key experiences design principles are summarized by Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H: Theme the like-to-deliver experience Harmonize impression Offer positive cues and eliminate negative cues Mix in memorabilia Engage all five senses Experience is essentially a form of behavior where feeling plays an important part. The state of emotions always affects on how an individual deals with surrounding environment. Experiences are not static like products but variable. Experiences occur in a process where interactions take place under a certain setting both physical and virtue between the individuals. Boswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E (2007) describe characteristics from the perspective of individual in A New Perspective on the Experience Economy. Every meaningful experience should satisfy all of these characteristics: There is a heightened concentration and focus, involving all one‘s senses. One‘s sense of time is altered. One is touched emotionally. The process is unique for the individual and has intrinsic value. There is contact with the raw stuff the real thing. One does something and undergoes something. There is a sense of playfulness One has a feeling of having control of the situation. There is a balance between the challenge and one‘s own capacities. There is a clear goal. Objectives of the research Theme restaurant concept meet the current consumer demand. When compared with other normal restaurant, theme restaurant has it own advantages and disadvantage. Theme restaurant is a result of catering reform, a symbol of economy developing into a certain advanced stage. In the development stage in the market, theme restaurant markets in most major western countries has enter the maturity stage. Theme restaurant had not appeared in domestic market until late 20th century. Apart from few amount, small scale, and limited types, kinds of stubborn defects and unceasing problems are also annoying. Due to many constraint in sustaining theme restaurant such as limited kind of food, not so attractive themes and increasing of overhead , business restaurant owner find it very difficult to manage. Many restaurant close down within a year, part of them survive, and only a few of them make a hit. What makes all the differences? (Tong, J, Q, 2008) From economics rules we should understand every product has its life cycle in market. Ron Paul concludes that the life cycle of theme restaurant is even shorter than expected. Does it mean theme restaurant has high risk to be well operated? Of course not, every industry has its risk, just at different levels. Business enjoying low risk cannot be guaranteed safe and profitable all the time. Conversely, business facing high risk also can succeed only if equipped with scientific management and adaptive strategies. The truth is that it is impossible to allow life cycle of one theme restaurant extend infinitely. But it is achievable to make full use of resources, to optimize structure, rationalize operation, and keep vitality to the maximum. Methodology of Research Based on the topic, which is the marketing sustainable operation and development of theme restaurant. I will choose qualitative methodology for the research. Qualitative methodology explanatory paradigm which supports the view that there are many truths and multiple realities. This type of paradigm focuses the integral perspective of the person and environment which is more coincident with the nursing discipline (Weaver and Olson, 2006). Additionally, the explanatory paradigm is associated more with methodological approaches that provide an opportunity for the voice, concerns and practices of research participants to be heard (Cole, 2006; Weaver and Olson). Cole further argues that qualitative researchers are â€Å"more concerned about uncovering knowledge about how people feel and think in the circumstances in which they find themselves, than making judgments about whether those thoughts and feelings are valid†. Since, Theme restaurant sustainable operation development have d ifferent method, depends the specific theme and customer. Literature Research Method By collecting and reading pertinent literature, data and material to develop a comprehensive understanding about related theories and empirical studies including theme restaurant’s definition, characteristics, defects, history, status quot, future prospects and so on. To summarize its strengths and weaknesses, achievements and challenges. To clear the relationship between theme restaurant and experience economy, culture, and consumer psychology. Case Analysis Method By analyzing and interpreting typical successful cases and fail lessons in recent years to find out influencing factors on operating state of theme restaurants in domestic catering market. To extract efficacious and practical suggestions or cautions. To come up with strategies assisting restaurateurs achieve sustainable development and extending life cycle. Interview Survey Method Interview survey is the most important part of this research. Investigating several representative theme restaurants in China to get first-hand data. To provide supplementary information, exam reliability and feasibility of proposed recommendations. I will design the interview questions, according to the theory. That are experiences design principles are summarized by Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H, and Boswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E, (2007) describe characteristics from the perspective of individual in A New Perspective on the Experience Economy. According to Creswell (2003; 2007) includes (a) the preparation for the interview, (b) the constructing effective research questions, and (c) the actual implementation of the interview. Preparation for interview: McNamara (2009) applies eight main points to the preparation stage of interviewing which includes the following ingredients: (1) choose a setting with little distraction; (2) explain the objectives of the interview; (3) address terms of confidentiality; (4) explain the format of the interview; (5) indicate how long the interview usually takes; (6) tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to; (7) ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview; and (8) dont count on your memory to recall their answers (Preparation for Interview section, para. Selecting participants: Creswell (2007) discusses the importance of selecting the appropriate candidates for interviews. In my research I will choose the theme restaurant owners to do interview. At same time, the owners of normal restaurant also important for my research. The research questions designing for the interview process is one of the most crucial elements to interview design. I desiring to conduct such an investigation should be careful that each of the questions will allow the examiner to dig deep into the experiences or knowledge of the participants in order to gain more data from the interviews. There are several recommendations for creating effective research questions for interviews which includes the following elements: Wording should be open-ended, respondents should be able to choose their own terms when answering questions. Questions should be as neutral as possible, avoid wording that might influence answers, e.g., evocative, judgmental wording. Questions should be asked one at a time. Questions should be worded clearly, this includes knowing any terms particular to the program or the respondents culture. And be careful asking why questions. (McNamara, 2009) As with other sections of interview design, some recommendations for the implementation stage of the interview process.It includes the following tips for interview implementation: occasionally verify the tape recorder is working. Ask one question at a time. Attempt to remain as neutral as possible, dont show strong emotional reactions to their responses. Encourage responses with occasional nods of the head, uh huhs, etc.. Be careful about the appearance when note taking (that is, if you jump to take a note, it may appear as if youre surprised or very pleased about an answer, which may influence answers to future questions). Provide transition between major topics, e.g., weve been talking about (some topic) and now Id like to move on to (another topic); Dont lose control of the interview (this can occur when respondents stray to another topic, take so long to answer a question that times begins to run out, or even begin asking questions to the interviewer) (Turner, D, W, 2010) Work Schedule Sample Checklist Month Refine topic with tutors 1, 2 Create a work schedule 2 Review the literature 3, 4, 5 Select analytical method 6 Draft proposal 7,8 Pilot test methodology 9 Schedule data collection, begin collection 10, 11, 12 Data entering into SPSS 13 Analyze and interpret the data 14 Update literature review 15 Write conclusions and implications 16 Submit the research draft to tutors 17 Schedule, prepare for and take oral exam 18 Bibliography Ai, D, S(1997), The Enterprise Life Cycle [M]. China Social Sciences Press Boswijk, A, Thijssen, T, and Peele, E, (2007), A New Prospective on Experience Economy, Pearson Education. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry research design: Choosing among five approaches, (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Fu, Y. (2012),Theme Restaurants the Problems Existing in the Management and Development Strategy in China , Business Culture Journal, pp04. Hsieh, T, F, (2009), Interactive Quality Control of Service Encounters in Theme Restaurants, Taiwan, The Journal of Global Business Issues – Volume 3 Issue 2 McNamara, C. (2009). General guidelines for conducting interviews. Retrieved January 11, 2010, from http://managementhelp.org/evaluatn/intrview.htm Pine, J, B. and Gilmore, J, H. (1999), The Experience Economy, Harvard Business School Press, Boston Shi, L, Y, Du, X, J Yang, J, J, (2012), Innovative theme restaurant business analysis and development model to explore the advantages and disadvantages , Journal of Business in China (12) Tong, J, Q, (2008). Themed Restaurant Management Situation and Development Trend of the China , Modernization Journal, pp22 Turner, D, W, (2010), Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators, The Qualitative Report Volume 15 Number, Florida USA Weaver, K., Olson, J. K. (2006). Understanding paradigms used for nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(4), 459-469 Weiss, R, Feinstein, A, H, Dalbor, M, (2004), Customer Satisfaction of Theme Restaurant Attributes and Their Influence on Return Intent, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, Vol. 7(1), The Haworth Press, Inc. Zhang Xia

divided we speak Essay -- essays research papers

Divided We Speak The "Divided We Speak" PHSCologram tryptich is a unique collaborative study in sculpture, photography, sound and poetry, based on an audience interactive media symphony in six movements, by Miroslaw Rogola. The work was commissioned and shown by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in the Fall of 1997. Divided We Speak has been designed to mimic life in the information age. The viewer activates or encounters seemingly random shards of information (sound, computer, and video images) and through experimentation, movement, and mental engagement, creates a unique experience. Another essential consideration for the artist is that each viewer's experience of the artwork is different. Thus while in the public space of the museum, each viewer creates a private space. This exhibition, was mounted to coincide with the annual meeting of the Inter-Society for Electronic Arts (ISEA) in Chicago during the third week of September, explores the edge of technology in a form known as electronic art - artwork realized through computers, video, recorded sound, and other electronic media. Miroslaw Rogala, backed by a team of media innovators and other artists - all major figures in their various fields - has created an interactive multimedia laboratory titled Divided We Speak. This laboratory features the newest in electronic and virtual reality innovations that will be utilized and displayed for the first time in a museum setting. The artist and his team will fine-...

Health Benefits of Seaweed Essay

Food is an important component of health because the body can receive more nutrients from it such as vegetables, fruits or seafood. In regards to seafood, we cannot forget to mention seaweed. The issue of health benefits of seaweed has grown in importance. In addition, scientist has proven that seaweed has the widest range of minerals. It is not only a good source of nutrients can prevent some diseases but also giving individual and natural beauty. Seaweed has many different types and colors and each type of seaweed has a unique nutrient composition. A study has confirmed that seaweed inherently benefits for health; it has many minerals which are available in the food people eat such as iron, calcium, B-vitamin or magnesium†¦ that can against lots of diseases. For example, seaweed is very high in lignans, which help the body prevent the chemical oestrogens that can cause breast cancer in woman. Additionally, magnesium has been shown that can reduce heart attack for people who has a high blood pressure. Moreover, seaweed is a rich source of fiber molecule align that can prevent constipation from our body. About B-vitamin folic acid, it reduces colon cancer. Or the folic acid, it has a role in protecting others important like prevent certain birth defects; including spina bifida and the chemical Homocysteine – cardiovascular disease and stroke†¦ Not only that, seaweed can cure stressful in humans with magnesium, pantothenic acid and riboflavin. Three of them are necessary for energy production. Seaweed is also a woman’s friend because it’s high in nutrients, low in calories that help them manage their weight in diet. Like McAdams said that seaweed is a food free weight because it’s virtually fat free, it just provide only 5 to 20 calories in a meal (Health benefits), so they don’t have to worry about weight gain and control body fat. In other hand to food supply, seaweed has vitamin which benefits for natural beauty. It improves the viscosity and elasticity of your skin. Besides that, it reacts with protein to form a gel that moisturizes skin and precludes wrinkles. Wrinkles are the enemy of women so they try to find the best solution to have smoother, more youthful skin in just 30 days. For your hair, seaweed has the effect of making your hair smoother, softer and lighter. The black-brown seaweed is called Arame, nourishes the scalp and hair follicles and makes your hair look healthier. So lots of companies have been producing many new products that made from seaweed. Basically, seaweed health benefits are undeniable. Seaweed is easy to make with food and it’s very popular for Asian, specially Japan and Korean. Overall, seaweeds are highly nutritious, like a book â€Å"Seaweed Beauty Guide† said: â€Å"It is a nature’s secret to balancing your metabolism, fighting disease, revitalizing body and mind. † (Cooksley 83) The findings of this research have shown that the benefits of seaweed are countless, that’s a reason why everyone should eat. The numbers of people in Europe, who discover and use seaweed, are recently increasing. Seaweed would be a â€Å"secret key† for a long and healthy life and your family.

Two by Jim Cartwright Essay Example

Two by Jim Cartwright Essay Example Two by Jim Cartwright Paper Two by Jim Cartwright Paper Essay Topic: Literature In our devised piece this term we used the play â€Å" Two † written by Jim Cartwright as our stimulus. The play is set in a Northern ‘working’ town in a pub and all the action and events take place on one night. It’s about a bickering landlord and landlady and their eccentric customers whom they serve at the bar. It gives an insight into the different kinds of people present in a pub at different times and a very brief look into their lives. The play is made up of lots of vignettes each focusing in on different characters. The two key characters are the landlord and landlady however these two people play all of the characters and have to change between roles with minimum fuss. The play also has a hidden meaning, which we do not find out about until the end, which in this case then makes some of the arguing clear, as we can understand the reasons behind it all. There is an element of humour and laughter used to cover up a darker and sadder under current in the play. In this case it’s about the couples child dieing in a car accident at the young age of seven. We took some elements of ‘Two ’ and incorporated some of the themes, ideas and elements into our own devised pieces. Our play consisted of a lot of duologues and monologues just as ‘Two ’ had done and we also chose two pivotal characters. Instead of having a landlord and a landlady we had two shop assistants who spoke to all of the customers and kept the play upbeat and moving. ‘Two ’ had a specific location where all of the action took place so we decided to incorporate this and we had all of our action and plot line take place in the clothing part of a department store. We kept it quite everything quite simplistic as in Jim Cartwright’s play although we had a variety of lively, bubbly characters each of which was very different from each other. The other idea we took from ‘Two’ was to have a hidden story or event, which the audience didn’t find out about until the end. We put in about the manager having lost his sister and wanting to hold on to all of the memories and not let another child go which explains the children’s underwear and the managers nervousness when a lost child comes in. Our plot revolved around the two shop assistants who ran the store and interacted with all of the customers. We also had the manager and the manager’s wife as well as mimed and imagined people out in public, in the shop and on the bus. The only props we used were chairs, a table, two umbrellas, some notebooks and a mesh curtain, which we used in the changing room scene. We chose to keep it quite simple so the audience had to believe in what was going on and focus on the acting rather than the material props just as was done in ‘Two. ’ The hidden idea was that the manager seemed to have paedophilic tendencies but all of this was covered up as we made him into a really funny, friendly and all round â€Å"Mr nice guy† type character. He is very attached to his laptop and spends a lot of time away from his family and at work. The two shop assistants are lively and bubbly characters who discuss boys, clothes and underwear. They see all of the different shoppers come in and out. They start off in the morning unpacking underwear and putting it on display and having a bit of a joke with their boss about the different sizes. We also see a woman looking for a cat suit come in and have a bit of a discussion about the different colours and how she really likes them. The wife then comes in to speak to her husband and when he refused to come out for lunch with her she has a monologue about how she feels unloved. Each monologue ends with something about being trapped whether its in a job, relationship or time. At the end it all comes together and makes sense. We then move on to a woman coming in with her daughter and trying to fit her into a really small sized top. They end up talking about the daughter’s dad and how he was so controlling before she end up getting stuck in the top. The assistants leave to get some scissors but while they are gone the manager goes in and grabs the girl. There is a tabloid and then the girl goes into the centre of the stage and all of the other characters gather around her. They begin walking round in a circle pushing the girl onto the floor whilst saying â€Å" trapped† over and over again getting louder each time until everyone shouts â€Å" Trapped  Ã¢â‚¬  and puts a hand over the girls head. The position is held for about five seconds and then the play ends. In ‘Two’ we identified that there were feelings of abuse, hate, anger, guilt, memory and sadness. We tried to use these feelings in our own piece. We put the anger and hate into the daughter hating her dad and her mum hating her talking about it. The guilt and the memory went into the manager and his memories of his sister’s last breaths before she died and the abuse was particularly prominent at the end when the manager grabbed the girl. The themes of hidden memories being brought up again was obvious with finding the small children’s underwear marking the beginning of out of control feelings, which just escalate until the very end of the play. Having read ‘Two’ as a play I think it is very cleverly written and constructed. When you read the notes at the beginning of the script it describes it as being a play about the different characters that come into a pub one evening. Immediately you begin to think how that could possibly be interesting or made into a play so after reading it you realise how cunning Jim Cartwright is and how clever to make something so simple so interesting, effective and evocative. The contrast in characters keeps the audience interested in what’s going on and also provides something to think about. The way two characters can play so many roles is something I have never really seen before and is fascinating. Jim Cartwright has used mime very effectively so the audience’s experience of the play is a very different one to what they would get fm other for fictional plays. I thought the ideas for our devised piece were really good overall but we needed to develop the characters more and maybe make parts of it have more emphasis and a bit clearer, for example I think the managers monologue about his sister needed to be clearer and maybe the wife’s monologue should have emphasised her worries and his strange behaviour more. I think the end performance went quite well and the audience seemed to enjoy it. We all tried really hard not to laugh at any of it even when the audience laughed which we managed to do so we were all please with that. We did use lighting and I think that worked well because it highlighted important bits of the play and also whom the focus was on as well as the mood. So at the end when we were doing the last ‘trapped’ scene we had the lights down quite low to give it more effect and make it a bit eerie and scary. I think we used some of the key elements from ‘Two’ and incorporated them into our piece well and subtly and we had a good plot line with a surprise at the end.

A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos

A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos For a long time, most people were convinced that a child was bestowed with a certain level of intelligence at birth. Past studies have revealed that genetics could not have been the sole determinant of a child’s intelligence. However, as the world changed from using genetics to explain differences in intelligence, there was also a corresponding shift to focus on culture and the environment. Culture is now believed to be the determining factor in explaining differences between races (Liu 5). By examining how learning takes place between Asian Americans, it emerges that we are more intelligent than the rest of the population, in addition, it also emerges that the environment has something to do with the grades achieved by both the Latinos and the Asian Americans. This paper shall endeavor to compare the Asian Americans with the Latino ethnic group. It will mainly focus on how learning takes place within the two groups and the associated outcome. In addition, the paper will also use an article by Fuller and Garcia Coll (2010) to explore the choices made by parents and how they affect learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article by Fuller and Garcia Coll (559) discusses the environment in which children are brought up in Latino households. It especially focuses on immigration and how it affects the manner in which children grow up.Using four theoretical frameworks, the paper explains how learning and development take place within culturally bounded context. In their analysis, the authors show how learning is perceived as taking place and the changes that have occurred over the years. The paper further explains how traditional Latino families are able to keep the family close and support their children socially. It also highlights the pressure on children and teenagers to assimilate into the American cu lture and how this poses a risk to their development. Overall, its aim is to bring an understanding of how learning takes place within groups that are heavily influenced by culture. This paper argues that Latino children use socialization practices to create their identity at home. The social practices acquired at school further influence their school performance (Fuller Garcia Coll 560). There is an obvious different in the family sizes of both the Latinos and the Asian Americans. For example, Latinos living in America typically have larger families than Asian Americans. Such Latinos as the Mexican Americans had 2.4 children on average as of 2003 while white and other minorities had an average of 2.0 children, according to study conducted by Fuller et al 2009 (qtd. in Fuller Garcia Coll 561). This difference has contributed to the disparity observed in terms of development between the two groups. The cognitive development of children raised in large families tends to be slower th an that of children raised in smaller families (Fuller Garcia Coll 561). This is because as the size of the family increases there is a corresponding depletion of the available resources. The order in which the children are born also affects the quality of each child’s education. For example, the first child gets a good education while those born later in families do not get as much education (Black et al.6). The interest and commitment that parents show their first child also declines as the number of children increases as they are now faced with the responsibility of taking care of more children.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Asian American parents differ from Latino parents in the way they approach their children’s schoolwork. From an early age, Latinos create an environment that enables a child to observe and copy the behavior of the society (Ful ler Garcia Coll 560). Asian Americans believe that the child should be solely focused on school and do not encourage distractions that interfere with it. Any activities such as sports, taking part in school plays or socializations are considered distractions. For those Asian American parents who own businesses, their children are not permitted to work in the shops while neglecting their school work (8). For Latino parents, the learning that takes place for their children is more observational than book related. Learning in Latino families takes place through participation in everyday activities. Children will do household chores and take care of the younger ones in the family. Teenagers are also allowed to work for pay to improve the family’s economic status (Fuller Garcia 563). The Asian American and Latino families both aim to improve their status through their children but their approach differs. Asian Americans students do better academically than Latino students. A stu dy by (Liu, 2) shows that the number of Asian American students who complete college is two thirds greater than that of Latinos (2). Asian Americans do better in school as their parents have advanced education, they are able to attend schools with enough resources, their peers support them and their community is always looking out for them (Liu 5). Latinos do not do as well as Asian Americans as they are not fully focused on academics alone. They are heavily involved in community activities and extracurricular activities. They are also eager to assimilate into the American culture and this affects their academic performance. Second generation Latino teenagers succumb to peer pressure and let go of family duties leading to a deterioration of their performance in school according to a study by Fuligni 2001 (qtd. in Fuller and Garcia Coll 560). First generation Latinos are more engaged in school work as they are able to identify more closely with their ethnic community (Fuller Garcia Coll 560). The instability of being torn between two cultures affects Latinos more than Asian Americans as Asian Americans are more integrated and less likely to be totally assimilated in their childhood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A comparison Between Asian Americans and Latinos specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Conclusion, this paper has shown that there are various forms of learning. Using an article by Fuller and Garcia (2010) it has explored how learning takes place in the Latino community. For example, learning can take place through observation as practiced by Latinos. On the other hand, the Asian Americans have a preference for academic learning. This paper has explained how Latinos differ from Asian Americans when it comes to modes of learning. It has shown that in early childhood, Asian Americans prefer that their children concentrate on schoolwork and avoid any extracurricular or social activities while Latinos see observational learning as beneficial to the child and are encouraged to work to support their families. It has also explained that the large size of Latino families hinders learning due to a scarcity of resources and inadequate attention on each individual child. It has also shown that this may be why Latino students perform poorly in school in comparison with the Asian American students. The paper has pointed out that as the second generation Latinos try to emulate their American counterparts and in the process, they lose track of their school work and perform poorly in comparison with first generation Latinos. Black, Sandra, Devereux, Paul, and Salvanes, Kjell 2004, The More the Merrier? The Effect of Family Composition on Children’s Education. PDF file. 12 Feb. 2013. econ.ucla.edu/people/papers/Black/Black493.pdf. Fuller, Bruce and Garcia Coll, Cynthia. â€Å"Learning From Latinos: Contexts, Families, and Child Development in Motion. â€Å"Developmenta l Psychology, 46.3 (2010):559-565. Print. Liu, Eric. The Accidental Asian, New York: Vintage Books, 1998. Print.

Proffesional project report on leaflet ordering (to be edited) Essay

Proffesional project report on leaflet ordering (to be edited) - Essay Example These provide customers with comprehensive information regarding tenancy, ownership, entitlements, neighborhood plans, safety, security, and all supportive systems forming part of the housing scheme. www.k-h-t.org This report presents the findings from a project undertaken to meet the assessment requirements of the FDSC in Housing Practice. The project was undertaken for KHT, the organization that sponsored the project leader on the FDSC. The overall aim of the project was to put a new system in place for ordering leaflets within the workplace. This involved developing a new system for ordering, storing and displaying leaflets, and gaining feedback from staff and service users on whether the changes had enhanced the availability of leaflets. The project report that follows provides an explanation of the context and rationale for the project, an outline of the previous system for ordering and displaying leaflets and its weaknesses; a description of the changes introduced identifying how each has helped to overcome weaknesses in the previous system; an outline of how the project was undertaken (i.e. the methodology); and findings from the initial evaluation and recommendations. The purpose of this project was to investigate the process and effectiveness of changes implemented in the ordering and displaying of customer information leaflets at KHT’s six offices across the borough. It was picked up on a short notice inspection that some leaflets that were being displayed were out of date. A new system of leaflet ordering was required to ensure the provision of current and up-to-date information to customers. Furthermore, in view of the need for cost-cutting during the current recession, it was considered essential to order all leaflets at one time, specifying accurately the total number of each type of leaflet required by all the offices. Additionally, an effective review process was required to ensure that the

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example The civil law system is based on a detailed set of legal codes and is adopted in many countries including Japan, France, Germany, among other countries. There is less flexibility in the application of the law because, unlike in the case of the common law system, the judge is limited to applying the provisions of the law as embodied in written codes. It must be noted, however, that the decisions of the courts form part of the jurisprudence of these countries and are also applied in the individual cases brought before the court. The Islamic law system is the most widely applied legal system of theocratic law in the world, and governs nearly all aspects of life in Islamic countries. Its application to business is most commonly known to be in the realm of lending where interest is considered illegal land outlawed by the Koran. The exporter must come to grips with evolving and designing contracts applicable to his commercial situation. Where common law prevails, contracts have to be very detailed with all contingencies spelled out because no written codes can be referenced. However, in civil law systems, contracts can be shorter because many issues covered in such contracts are already covered in the civil code. The exporter has to be sensitive to the differences of legal systems in countries where he exports his goods because in case of a contract dispute, the strength of his position in court can be affected depending on the legal system that obtains. Where international trade transactions result in a dispute, the question raised is always that of which countrys laws apply. For some countries the issue has been resolved with the establishment of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), which was adopted in 1980 by ll countries, including the United States, and took effect in 1988. The CISG establishes a

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Honor of Fuente Ovenjuna - Essay Example Content analysis of responses revealed systematic differences in the cultural prototypes of pride and shame; these differences can be seen as reflecting the influence of individualistic versus honor-based values on the way in which self-conscious emotions are conceptualized. (Fischer) The focus on the traditional values of respect to royalty and honor of women has been a part of the Spanish tradition and much of traditional Spanish literature uses honor-related themes as a conspicuous backdrop, even if in a diluted form in modern Spanish Drama. Lope de Vega’s play Fuente Ovenjuna, written sometime between 1612 and 1614 portrays the conflict of these values as interpreted by the various strata of the social structure. This play not only structures itself around the play of ‘pride, anger and shame’ between the hoi-polloi and the riff-raff, but allows the reader to take a macro view of the use of these emotions by the characters to project their sense of ethics and morality; and thus, safeguard their own honor. According to Alix Inger in ‘What is an honor play?’, an honor play essentially deals with the theme of conjugal honor; that is, the respect of a man threatened by the behavior of his wife. However, in the Golden Age, the preoccupation with conjugal honor came to acquire newer dimensions and the subject acquired larger proportions. Now, conflict of the type lay not only in gender but also in class, age, allegiance and a collective psyche. While one may largely agree with Inger’s inference of such development; it is pertinent to remark that in ‘Fuenteovejuna’, no matter where the conflict lay; the perpetration and the resolution of honor-conflicts lay mostly with the female protagonist of the play. As ascribed in the paper ‘Courtesy, Altruism and Honor’, there is a direct correlation between the interpretation of honor and the issues of courtesy, opinion, authority and respect. Whether it is the Comendador’s use of the age-advantage

The Stranger Literary Responce Essay Example for Free

The Stranger Literary Responce Essay In a modern society people are often quick to judge others for being indifferent and making bad choices that they overlook the similarities between themselves and the person(s) being accused. A quote states, â€Å"The society Meursault lives in is as indifferent, as insensitive, and as moral as Meursault himself.† I agree with this quote because in the novel â€Å"The Stranger† by Albert Camus, Meursault plays a role in indirectly showing the reader through his natural actions of stoicism in his personality how society is not much different, indifferent. Meursalt acts as a mirror to society revealing in for how it truly is un-thoughtful and insensitive. The major points that have been often reoccurring throughout the novel are how indifferent and amoral Meursault is when it is shown that the society is in no form any better or more just. Throughout the novel Meursault is constantly displayed as a stoic individual who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining. Meursault’s character is often brought into question by those who contact and observe him. It is introduced to the reader at the very beginning of the novel that his mother, â€Å"Maman† had died and that his demeanor was unmoved. Meursault mentions how he can only register physical necessities of life meaning that he is emotionally detached which leads to his own demise. However, society views Meursalt as a terrible person because it is generally unnatural for a man, more less a human being to feel or express little to no remorse for their mother dying. Arguably Meursault is a cold hearted killer who would easily murder someone without any hesitation and no sense of remorse, using the fact that he killed an Arab to back this claim. However, he is not as cruel as society is. First off, the society does not treat Meursault with an equal respect or a caring attitude. Though Meursault has committed murder and was charged for insensitivity the society in The Stranger overlooks everything else basically including Meursault himself as other offenses are belittled will Meurault is almost automatically sentenced to death.

Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Willi

Refuge: An Unnatural History of Family and Place by Terry Tempest Williams Refuge; An Unnatural History of Family and Place, by Terry Tempest Williams, is a thought-provoking, sentimental book that explores both the unnatural and the natural events that take place in her life. The deception and lies of the reports presented by the United States government, which lead to the fall out of atomic bomb testing in Utah in the 1950's and the rise of the Great Salt Lake and its effect on bird’s serve as the backdrop of this book. As Williams struggles to deal with the ramifications of her mother’s terminal cancer, she seeks sanctuary at the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge. Her family and their well-being is a major priority in her life. When the world around Williams seems overwhelming, her only escape is the Great Salt Lake Basin where she can find. In fact, Williams either unwittingly or wittingly overemphasizes her intimacy with the birds and under emphasizes the direct, devastating effect the atomic fallout of September 7, 1957 had on the health of her family, thereby losing a prime opportunity to make a dramatic statement about the relationship between cancer related illnesses and atomic bomb testing. This story begins in 1983 as the Great Salt Lake in Utah was rising to above normal heights. Over the course of the next seven years from 1983 Williams closely followed the lake levels and the impact on the various species of birds. The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the ancient Lake Bonnevile which had covered 20,000 square miles of Utah, parts of eastern Nevada, and southern Idaho(Great Salt Lake, 3): â€Å"The lake ecosystem is one of the most important wildlife habitats in the Western Hemisphere and has been for at least 8,000 ... ... Alexander, G. Thomas. Radiation Death and Deception. Retrieved April 5, 2005 from www.historytogo.utha.gov/radiation.html. Great Salt Lake: More Than Meets the Nose. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from http://www.cnnn.com/2003/TravelDestinations/11/05great.salt.lake.ap// Seegmiller, Janet Burton. No Clear Testing and the Downwinders. Retrieved April 5, 2005 from www.historytogo.utah.gov/nuctest.html. Stum, Marlin. Great Salt Lake-Haven for Birds. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from http://www.stoplegacyhighway.org/gsl.htm Summer, David Thomas. Testimony, Refuge, and the Senses of Place-A Conservation with Terry Tempest Williams. Retrieved April 16, 2005 from http://weberstudies.weber.edu/archive/archive%20D Ward, Chip. Cowboys in Gas Masks Find a Damn Good Place to Dump Used Razor Blades. Retrieved April 8, 2005 from http://home.comcast.net/~kknowlto/orion.htm

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeares Play, Macbeth Essay -- English Literatur

Lady Macbeth of Shakespeare's Play, Macbeth Lady Macbeth is the most interesting and complex character in Shakespeare's play, Macbeth. She is, in fact, the point on which the action pivots: without her there is no play. The purpose of this essay is to describe Lady Macbeth’s role in the play and discuss why this makes her the most fascinating character. Her evil doings are the main reasons why she dominates the plot so greatly. These include the following: considers Macbeth to be a wimp not wanting to murder; letting Macbeth fulfill her plan; taking control over Macbeth’s thoughts and actions; turning Macbeth from a loyal man to a greedy, coldhearted human being. Also Lady Macbeth’s transformation in character and her relationship with Macbeth contribute to her importance. Lady Macbeth satisfies her role among the high society and is well respected like her husband. The King of Scotland, King Duncan, calls her â€Å"our honoured hostess.† She shows great affection towards Macbeth but at the same time very ambitious, as shown by her reaction to the prophecies given to him. She immediately decides that â€Å"the fastest way† for Macbeth to become king is to murder King Duncan. When Lady Macbeth hears of the prophecies given to her husband her true character is exposed for the audience to see. Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to go and make the prophecy true that he will become king. Macbeth‘s thoughts on the prophecy before his wife’s intervention was that â€Å"If chance will hav...

Fall in Elderly

1 The Role of Tai Chi Exercise in Promoting Health Benefits for Older Persons Fuzhong Li, Ph. D. , Oregon Research Institute Tai Chi, or Taijiquan to be exact, originated in China about 300 hundreds years ago (China Sports, 1980) and began as a form of martial arts like boxing. It has continued to evolve from being originally used as a combative and self-defense form to a health-enhancing exercise, practiced by individuals of all ages to maintain health and prevent disease. As an alternative exercise, Tai Chi has drawn increasing research interest, with accumulating evidence showing the therapeutic value of Tai Chi to overall health and well-being. The goal of this paper is to summarize current research findings with a particular focus on geriatric populations, discuss findings with respect to their practical implications, and highlight future research directions. Overview of Research Findings A number of excellent review articles exist showing evidence that Tai Chi generates various health benefits for individuals of varying age groups and patient populations (Fasko & Grueninger, 2001; Lan, Lai, & Chen, 2002; Li, Hong, & Chan, 2001; Verhagen, Immink, va der Meulen et al. , 2004; Wang, Collet, & Lau, 2004; Wayne, Krebs, Wolf, et al. , 2004; Wu, 2002). Without overdue redundancy, the following provides a summary review of research studies that involve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) although results from non-RCTs are reported in the absence of RCTs. With aging processes, declines in physical and mental status in older adults often result in balance control impairments, functional limitations in locomotor activities, disability in particular activities, and decreased quality of life. Therefore, this review also focuses on health outcomes that have been shown to be clinically most relevant to this population. These include balance and falls, musculoskeletal conditions, sleep quality, cardiovascular and respiratory function, and psychosocial wellbeing. Balance Control, Falls, and Fear of Falling Falls are significant public health problem among older adults (Murphy, 2000; Stevens, 2005), making it a major threat to the independence and quality of life of older adults, as well as imposing significant burden to individuals, society, and national health systems (National Action Plan, 2005). As a stand-alone exercise intervention, Tai Chi has been shown to reduce the risk for falls. Wolf and his colleagues (1996) conducted the very first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of two methods of exercise on falls. Community living healthy adults were randomized to one of three groups: Tai Chi training; computerized balance training; and an attention control. Results of this 15-week trial showed that Tai Chi participants experienced significant reductions (by about 47%) in falls compared to the exercise control participants. In a follow-up 48-week RCT, Wolf et al (2003) evaluated Tai Chi with older adults who were less robust (that is, transitioning to frailty). No significant between-experimental group reductions in falls were observed. However, by analyzing fall data from month four through month twelve, the study showed a significantly reduced risk of falls in the Tai chi group compared with the exercise control group. In an independent study, Li et al. (2005) confirmed the general findings of those reported by Wolf and his colleagues. These researchers reported that, at the end of a 6-month Tai Chi intervention, significantly fewer falls (38 versus 73), lower proportions of fallers (28% versus 46%), and injurious falls (7% versus 18%) were observed in the Tai Chi condition, compared to a low-impact stretching control condition. Overall, the risk of multiple falls in the Tai Chi group was 55% lower than that of the stretching controls. In addition, compared to stretching control participants, Tai Chi participants showed significant improvements in measures of functional balance, physical performance, and reduced fear of falling. Of equal importance, intervention gains in these measures were maintained at a 6-month postintervention follow-up in the Tai Chi group (Li et al. 2004). Musculoskeletal Conditions Evidence to date indicates that Tai Chi training preserves or even increases lower-extremity muscle strength. Wolfson et al. (1996) showed that 6 months of Tai Chi training (following their primary interventions) did not improve lower-extremity muscle strength, compared to an exercise control group. However, their data did indicate that Tai Chi training preserved lowerextremity strength gains developed by the intervention. In a 20-week pilot study, Christou et al. 2003) showed that, compared to those in the control condition, Tai Chi participants significantly improved knee extensor strength and force control among older adults. Tai Chi also appears to be safe and beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In a randomized trial among older women with osteoarthritis, Song et al (2003) showed a 12-week Tai Chi program resulted in significant improvements in pain and stiffness in joint s, balance, and abdominal strength, and fewer reported perceived difficulties in physical functioning, compared to those of control subjects. Another randomized trial, Hartman et al (2000) showed that a 12week program significantly improved osteoarthritis symptoms such as fatigue, arthritis selfefficacy, feelings of tension, and satisfaction with general health status. More recent evidence points to the potential of Tai Chi as a weight-bearing exercise for retarding bone loss in older women. In a 12-month randomized trial, Chan et al (2004) tested the hypothesis that Tai Chi may retard bone loss in early postmenopausal women. At the end of the trial, bone mineral density (BMD) measurements revealed a general bone loss in both Tai Chi and control subjects at all measured skeletal sites, but with a slower rate in the Tai Chi group. Although the BMD findings were equivocal, the findings lend some support for the potential of Tai Chi to retard bone loss. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function Although numerous studies have evaluated the effects of Tai Chi on cardiovascular and respiratory function, no RCTs have been reported that involve older adults. A number of Taiwanbased observational studies have shown improvements in cardiorespiratory function resulting from Tai Chi. For example, among long-term older adults practicing Tai Chi, significantly better cardiorespiratory function has been reported (Lai, Lan, Wong, & Teng, 1995; Lan, Lai, Chen, & Wong, 1998), and improvements were also observed among coronary artery bypass surgery patients deemed to be at low risk during their participation in a Tai Chi exercise program (Lan, Chen, Lai, & Wong, 1999). Hypertension Tai Chi is a low-impact activity with self-paced and fluid movements, making it appropriate as a means to reduce blood pressure in people with hypertension. Two intervention trials compared the effects of Tai Chi and aerobic exercise on blood pressure – a surrogate for hypertension. An earlier study by Channer et al (1996) showed that over 11 sessions of exercise, both Tai Chi and aerobic exercise were associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure; Tai Chi was also associated with reductions in diastolic blood pressure in a sample of patients recovering from acute myocardial infraction. In a different study by Young et al. (1999), physically inactive older women with systolic blood pressure 130-159 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 95 mmHg were randomized to a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program or a Tai Chi program of light activity. At the end of the intervention, the Tai Chi group decreased 7. 0 mmHg of systolic and 2. 4 mmHg of diastolic blood pressure. No significant differences were observed between the two exercise activities. The authored concluded that programs of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and light exercise may have similar effects on blood pressure in previously sedentary older individuals. Quality of Sleep Self-reported sleep complaints are common among older adults (Neubauer, 1999) and it is estimated that up to 50% of elderly persons complain about their sleep (Alessi, 2000). Li et al. (2003) conducted a six-month intervention trial to examine the impact of a simpler Tai Chi program on improving quality of sleep and reducing daytime sleepiness among older adults reporting moderate sleep complaints. Participants were randomly assigned to a Tai Chi group or an exercise control group. At the end of the study, Tai Chi participants reported significant improvements in several sleep-quality related measures in comparison to the control participants; with reduced sleep latency (by about 18 minutes per night) and daytime sleepiness, and improved sleep duration (by about 48 minutes per night). The study provided preliminary evidence linking the benefits of Tai Chi exercise to improved quality of sleep and reduced daytime sleepiness in older adults. Psychosocial Wellbeing and Confidence Li and his colleagues (2001a,b,c,d, 2002a, 2002b) provided a series of reports examining the extent to which Tai Chi enhanced older adults’ multidimensional psychological well-being and health-related quality of life indicators. In a 6-month randomized controlled trial, healthy older adults were randomly assigned to either a control condition or Tai Chi. Results indicated that Tai Chi participants reported higher levels of health perceptions, life satisfaction, positive affect, and well-being, and lower levels of depression, negative affect, and psychological distress (Li et al. 2001a). Participants also showed higher levels of both domain-specific physical self-esteem (Li et al. , 2002b) and exercise self-efficacy relevant to movement confidence (Li et al. , 2001c). Change in the level of movement self-efficacy was found to be significantly related to change in physical functioning (Li et al. , 2001b). Similar profiles have been reported by other researchers (Kutner, Barnhart, Wolf, McNeely, & Xu 1997) in that Tai Chi practice resulted in improved well-being, increased alertness, relaxation, better mental outlook, achievement, and greater confidence. Practical Implications The previous summary and review makes it clear that Tai Chi provides multiple health and therapeutic benefits for older adults. Thus, some discussion of practical implications appears to be in order. Fall Prevention Falls can result in devastating consequences for older adults. Accumulating evidence to date suggest that Tai Chi may be an effective means of improving deficits in balance and functional limitations, and therefore, may serve as a therapeutic exercise for balance and strength, and consequently, reduce the risk of falling and the rate of falls in older adults. Tai Chi may also be considered as an exercise modality that generates confidence building to counteract fear of falling, a common psychological symptom of falls among community adults. However, Tai Chi does not provide a quick fix for the fall problem. Most research in this area has focused on short-term results. Findings from current RCTs show that, however, a minimum of three months training is required before clinically meaningful reductions in risks of falling can be achieved, suggesting the need for long-term, sustained, and frequent practice, perhaps on a day-to-day basis, to obtain the full benefit. Tai Chi as an Alternative, Therapeutic Exercise Tai Chi has been recommended for treating many chronic conditions. For example, as a lowimpact, low-intensity alternative exercise therapy, Tai Chi has also been proposed as a potential option for the management of osteoarthritis (Lumsden, Baccala & Aartire, 1998). As a fall prevention activity, Tai Chi has emerged as an appropriate stand-alone balance training program for older adults to improve balance and prevent falls (JAGS, 2001). But even though Tai Chi appears to have numerous benefits to participants, it is still too early for physicians to begin prescribing Tai Chi as a remedy for chronic health problems because many of the studies have design limitations (Wang et al. , 2004), making it difficult to generalize results to broader patient populations. In this regard, patients with chronic health problems need to take precautions before beginning a Tai Chi program, because for some people Tai Chi could worsen medical conditions or problems/ symptoms. In some cases, appropriate odifications may be needed to better accommodate patients’ special needs or physical limitations. Program Costs, Logistics, and Protocols One of the most desirable aspects of Tai Chi is its absence of a need for high technology in promoting health. Tai Chi is easily distinguished from highly technical computerized balance training protocols, and may be just as successful in achieving fall reduction or balance improvement objectiv es; certainly, Tai Chi is more practical. Tai Chi is a low-cost exercise regimen because special equipment or facilities are not needed (Lan et al. 2002; Li et al. , 2003). Li et al (2001b) reported that, in a 6-month RCT, the total direct cost was approximately $9000 (an average of $3. 50 per person per session). Others (Wilson & Datta, 2001) have reported that a twice weekly Tai Chi program was cost-saving whether direct benefits alone (hip fracture costs averted) or direct plus indirect benefits were considered, with a total net cost savings of $1274. 43 per person per year. When considering direct cots only, the net cost savings were $8. 04 per participant per year. Lower costs ensure that more community-dwelling older adults have 5 sufficient access to programs, and abundant opportunities to participate, which is likely to have profound public health implications. While costs of learning Tai Chi are potentially low, one should not underestimate the fact that Tai Chi is a complex system of movements that, when performed, requires body awareness, motor coordination, and agility; features that could make Tai Chi less immediately deliverable to community adults (Li et al. 2003). Therefore, even though the benefits of regular Tai Chi exercise are quite clear, the challenge of maximizing the opportunity for older persons remains because certain movements may be beyond the capabilities of some elderly individuals or others with disabilities. Thus, there is a need to modify existing Tai Chi protocols to develop forms that are simple, easy to perform, and enjoyable (Chen, 2002; Li et al. , 2003; Wolf et al. , 1997), and that do not require years of sust ained practice to master. Tai Chi Styles There are several styles of Tai Chi, some of which are historic/traditional and some of which are of more recent origin. The earliest known form can be traced to the Chen style and evolved and progressed into multiple styles or schools. Currently, there are five main schools of Tai Chi (People’s Sports, 1996), each named after the style’s founding family: (a) Chen, (b) Yang, (c) Sun, (d) Wu (Jian Qian), and (e) Wu (He Qin). Each style has a characteristic protocol that differs from other styles in the postures or forms included, the order in which they appear, the pace at which movements are executed, and the level of difficulty. For example, one significant difference between Chen and Yang styles is that Yang style movements are relaxed and evenly paced. By comparison, the Chen style is characterized by alternating slow movements with quick and vigorous movements, including restrained and controlled actions/motions, reflecting its martial origin. Yang Style Tai Chi, which evolved from the Chen school, is probably the most popular Tai Chi style being practiced today (e. g. , Swaim, 1999; Yu & Johnson, 1999). Yang style movements are performed in a relaxed and flowing manner, with the trunk erect as the axis of all movements, making it immediately suitable for elderly, frail, or disabled populations. To date, the Yang style, with its variations, has been used as an therapeutic exercise modality in most medical and behavioral research. Although there are multiple versions of the Yang style (both short and long, covering 24-, 48-, 88-, and 108-Forms) (China National Sports Commission, 1983), the 24-Form, based on the most popular sequences of the Yang Chengfu school (China Sports, 1980; People Sports, 1996), is the most readily adaptable to the lifestyles and living situations of older adult populations. It is also the most accommodating, requiring minimal demands of personal strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and motor skills for participation. Is Tai Chi Ready for Dissemination? In a 2001 joint communique on the prevention of falls among the elderly, the American Geriatrics Society, the British Geriatrics Society, and the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons suggested that Tai Chi â€Å"†¦is a promising type of exercise, although it requires further evaluation before it can be recommended as the preferred balance training† (JAGS, 2001). Since the publication of this joint communique, one large successful RCTs has been published (Li et al. , 2005) providing supporting evidence documented by Wolf et al. ’s earlier work (1996). As a result of these studies, we should be asking questions about how we can most effectively translate and disseminate the Tai Chi program. With this accumulated evidence, the time is near 6 for Tai Chi to be recommended as a preferred exercise for balance training and be routinely prescribed for older patients at risk for falling following appropriate screening. Future Research Directions Despite the increasing interest in studying the effectiveness of Tai Chi training and the resulting evidence of health benefits, there remain areas that require further research. We highlight a few of these. A Need to Understand the Mechanisms of the Benefits Shown Although findings from Tai Chi intervention studies are important from a public health perspective, they provide little information relative to the underlying mechanisms that may produce such effects. In this regard, little attention has been given considering intervention/treatment mediators or moderators that help identify causal pathways between treatment and outcome, and possible mechanisms through which a treatment might achieve its effects. For example, although Tai Chi has repeatedly been shown to improve balance, possible mechanisms by which Tai Chi improves this outcome, and prevent subsequent falls, remains to be determined. Future studies should target specifically older adults with balance impairments, and consider integrated laboratory and/or clinical measures that may help identify specific mechanisms whereby Tai Chi can remedy balance disorders. A Need to Better Understand Effects to Patients with Chronic Conditions A review by Wang et al. (2004) concluded that there is insufficient information to recommend Tai Chi to patients with chronic conditions. For example, the impact of Tai Chi on several important geriatric syndromes such as frailty, dementia, and sarcopenia are worthy of study or further research. Large clinical trials, involving populations with specific medical conditions are needed before health professionals can recommend Tai Chi exercise as an alternative to the more conventional exercise forms that have been shown to produce health benefits. The potential application of Tai Chi to important geriatric issues yet to be studied include: obesity, osteoporosis, diabetes, neurological disorders (e. g. , Parkinson’s disease; peripheral neuropathy). A Need to Study Long-Term Effects Tai Chi intervention studies are typically conducted with a short-duration (e. g. , 3 months, 6 months). Long-term effects of Tai Chi training (e. g. , 12 months up to 2 or 3 years) are largely undetermined. Therefore, questions such as how long the established effects on clinical endpoints will sustain over a longer period of time remains to be determined. Certain outcomes may take a longer time to show an effect. Reductions in falls are a good example. Other outcomes such as BMD, may require up to one year to demonstrate clinically meaningful change because Tai Chi is a low-impact activity. Also, research from the general exercise literature indicates that people who participate in an exercise program often fall back into their older inactive lifestyle after a program ends (van der Bij, Laurant, & Wensing, 2002). Although anecdotal evidence suggest that participants remained active upon program termination (Li et al. , 2001b; Wolf et al. , 1996), critical issues such as getting people to initiate and maintain the Tai Chi activity over a long-term need to be addressed. A Need to Evaluate Programs That Can Be Disseminated in Broader Community Settings Ultimately, for the results of the research-based evidence to have greater public health impact they must be diffused and made accessible to the community. However, it remains unclear whether the general community can readily implement or adopt these Tai Chi training protocols despite evidence of their tested efficacy. To date, there is no widespread, nationally available Tai Chi-based falls prevention program that is based on the effectiveness of scientifically controlled studies. In this regard, program evaluation research is needed to translate effective interventions into a program that is implementable in community settings. The Oregon Research Institute is currently conducting a project to move effective interventions into community practice. The project has identified randomized controlled studies of scientifically-based effective Tai Chi fall interventions and focuses on issues related to â€Å"reach† (i. e. , proportion of older adults who are willing to participate in a given Tai Chi program initiative), â€Å"uptake† (adoption; i. e. , the proportion of settings and service agencies who are willing to initiate a program), and â€Å"implementation† (i. e. the intervention agents' fidelity to the various elements of a Tai Chi training protocol, including consistency of delivery as intended and the time and cost of the intervention). The intended results of this translation and dissemination project will provide an effective, evidence-based falls prevention package that can be implemented in community settings to improve functional ability and reduce fall prevalence among communit y-dwelling older adults. Summary The extant research evidence provides strong support for what was originally considered â€Å"anecdotal evidence† about the health benefits of Tai Chi for older adults. Overall, Tai Chi has been shown to have physiologic and psychosocial benefits and appears to be safe and effective in promoting balance control and muscular strength, and cardiovascular fitness for older adults. More research is needed, with rigorous scientific methodologies, to fully understand the mechanisms whereby Tai Chi produces these health benefits. From a public health perspective, immediate efforts are needed to translate programs that can be disseminated in local settings that target community healthy older adults. Fuzhong Li, Ph. D. , is a Senior Research Scientist at the Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR. References Alessi, C. A. (2000). Sleep disorders. In Beers MH, Berkow R, eds. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. 3rd edition. NJ: Merck & Co, 459-463. American Geriatrics Society, British Geriatrics Society, and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention (2001). Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons. Journal of American Geriatri cs Society, 49, 664-672. Chan, K. , Qin, L. , Lau. M et al. (2004). A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density. Archrivals of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation 85, 717-722. Channer, K. , S. , Barrow, D. , Barrow, R. , Osborne, M. , & Ives, G. (1996). Changes in haemodynamic parameters following tai chi chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. Postgard Medicine, 72, 349-351. Chen, S. (2002). A modified Tai Chi program for individuals with physical disabilities. Palaestra, 18(2), 43–47. China National Sports Commission. (1983). Simplified Taijiquan. Beijing, China: People’s Sports. China Sports (1980). Simplified â€Å"Taijuquan. † Beijing: Foreign Language Printing House. Christou, E. A. , Yang, Y. , & Rosengren, K. S. (2003). Taiji training improves knee extensor strength and force control in older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Medicine Sciences, 58, 763-766. Fasko, D. , & Grueninger, R. W. (2001). T’ai Chi Ch’uan and physical and psychological health: A review. Clinical Kinesiology, 55, 4-12. Hartman, C. A. , Manos, T. M. , Winter, C. et al. effects of Tai Chi training on function and quality of life indicators in older adults with osteoarthritis Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 48, 1553-1559. Kutner, N. G. , Barnhart, H. , Wolf, S. L. , McNeely, E. , & Xu, T. (1997). Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 52, 242–246. Lai, J. , S. , Lan, C. , Wong, M. K. , & Teng, S. H. (1995). Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older tai chi chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1222-1227. Lan, C. , Lai, J. S. , & Chen, S. Y. 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